Lecture #5-1

CHINA'S AFTERMATH OF THE FIRST OPIUM WAR (1839-42)

Treaty of Nanjing: signed on August 29, 1842 (final form came in October 1843).

Treaty Ports: Canton (Guangzhou), Amoy (Xiamen), Fuchow (Fuzhou), Ningpo, and Shanghai

Wanghia (Wangxia) Treaty (1844): negotiated by rep. of John Tyler's administration; adopted British demands with further demands that missionaries be allowed to work in China and that American be tried under own legal system (extraterritoriality).

Second Opium War (1856-1858): "Arrow" Incident

LATE QING DOMESTIC CONFLICT

Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864): "younger brother" of Jesus, Taiping leader, who founded the God Worshipper's Society in 1851 and launched the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1865). Hong later proclaimed the Taiping tianguo: "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.”

Zeng Guofan (1811-1872): well-known Confucian scholar/militia leader, who fought Taipings with troops funded by locally collected taxes on commerce (likin) which were not reported to the court.

Li Hongzhang (1823-1901): governor of Jiangsu; another leader of the Anhui Army, a fighting force that received Western assistance.

CHINA'S ATTEMPT AT COURT-BASED REFORM

Tongzhi Restoration (1861-1873): (the Qing attempt at zhongxing or "mid-dynastic revival")

Yehonala or Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908): consort of the Xianfeng emperor (r. 1850-61), mother of the Tongzhi emperor (r. 1861-75), and adoptive mother of her nephew the Guangxu emperor (r. 1875-1908), who controlled the Qing empire for almost half a century.

THE FAILURE OF THE SELF_STRENGTHENING MOVEMENT

Zhang Zhidong (1837-1909): Scholar, provincial official, and reformist intellectual architect of the Self-Strengthening Movement, promoting the notions of Ti "essence" and Yong "practical use.”

1894-95 Sino-Japanese War: a disaster for the Qing court and a poignant rejection of the Self-Strengthening Movement.

Treaty of Shimonoseki (April 17, 1895): agreement at the end of the Sino-Japanese War that dictated China's territorial loss to Japan; a payment of a large indemnity to Japan and the opening of the ports of Shashi (river port in Hubei province), Chungking (Chongqing), and Suzhou (Jiangsu province) to Japanese trade.

The Response of the

Chinese Scholar-Official Class

POLITICAL REFORM

Kang Youwei (d. 1927): reformist Confucian scholar and leader of the One Hundred Days of Reform Movement (1898).

Guangxu emperor (r.1875-1908): nephew (and adopted son) of the Empress Dowager Cixi. The Guangxu Empress gave Kang Youwei and his followers permission to implement their reforms, although Cixi and her supporters soon crushed this movement.

INTELLECTUAL REFORM

Yan Fu (1854-1921): student of British naval technology and a scholar who translated numerous western books (J.S. Mill, Herbert Spencer, Adam Smith, Rousseau, and Montesqieu, among others) for a wide Chinese audience. Yan advocated the study of Western ideas and institutions to fully understand the nature of Western technological advances.

Social Darwinism: the notion popular in the late 19^th - early 20^th century that peoples and societies are subject to the same laws of "natural selection" that Darwin argued had shaped the animal kingdom.

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) popular author of A Study of Sociology; coins the phrase Social Darwinism and "Survival of the Fittest"