CHINA'S AFTERMATH

OF

THE FIRST OPIUM WAR (1839-42)

Treaty of Nanjing: signed on August 29, 1842 (final form came in October 1843).

Treaty Ports: Canton (Guangzhou), Amoy (Xiamen), Fuchow (Fuzhou), Ningpo, and Shanghai

Most Favored Nation Clause (1843)

Wanghia (Wangxia) Treaty (1844): negotiated by rep. of John Tyler's administration; adopted British demands with further demands that missionaries be allowed to work in China and that American be tried under own legal system (extraterritoriality).

Second Opium War (1856-1858): "Arrow" Incident

LATE QING DOMESTIC CONFLICT

White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804): originally a tax revolt that broke out in 1796 and was not defeated until 1804, after years of ineffectual campaigning by the Qing.

Taiping Rebellion (1850-1865)

Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864): "younger brother" of Jesus, Taiping leader.

Taiping tianguo: "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace "

God Worshipper's Society: formed in 1851.

Frederick Ward: American adventurer, who led the mercenary band "Ever Victorious Army."

Charles "Chinese" Gordon (1833-85): British mercenary who attacked Taipings from gunboats.

Yang Xiuqing (c. 1817-56): murdered Taiping leader.

Zeng Guofan (1811-1872): well-known Confucian scholar/militia leader, who fought Taipings with troops funded by locally collected taxes on commerce (likin) which were not reported to the court.

Li Hongzhang (1823-1901): governor of Jiangsu; another leader of the Anhui Army, a fighting force that received Western assistance.