China's First
Revolution and its Aftermath
|
POLITICAL CHANGE |
1911
Revolution: Xinhai Geming: Oct. 10, 1911 Yuan Shikai (1859- 1916): Military leader and reform-minded
minister during the last years of the Qing dynasty; first president of the
Republic of China and imperial pretender (1912-16). Yuan’s aborted rule was followed by the Warlord Period (1916-1928). Japan's Twenty-One Demands (1915): Treaty in which Japan
forced the Chinese to extend Japan's lease on end of the Liaodong Peninsula
for 99 years and to grant greater civil and commercial privileges in
Manchuria. |
INTELLECTUAL CHANGE |
May Fourth Movement: Student protest on May 4th,
1919 of Chinese capitulation to Japanese demands in the Treaty of Versailles (1919). Hu Shi (1891-1962): Diplomat and scholar
(student of pragmatist John Dewey (1859-1952)), important leader of Baihua
Movement, an effort to establish vernacular Chinese as the official
written language. |
RISE OF THE CHINESE NATIONALISTS (KMT) |
Chiang
Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) (1887-1975): prominent leader of the KMT. Tu
“Big Ears” Yuesheng: Shanghai gangster and associate of Chiang Kai-shek. Zhou
Enlai (1898-76): young political advisor at the Whampoa
Military Academy (est. 1924), China's "West Point," and later
member of CCP leadership. Wang
Jingwei (1883-1944): Left-wing KMT party leader, who had brokered the cooperation between
the Nationalists and the Communists.
Wang would later join the Japanese puppet government at Nanjing. Northern
Expedition (July 1926- 1928): Joint CCP/KMT effort to unify China and drive out
warlord influence. This event ushered
in the Nanjing Decade (1928-1937), the KMT-led period of political rule prior
to Japan's invasion of China. Comintern
(Third International of the Communist Party of 1919): First effort by the young
Soviet Union to promote a worldwide Communist movement. The Comintern advocated the CCP/KMT
alliance until Chiang Kai-shek's betrayal of the Communist leadership in
1927. New
Life Movement: KMT-led social movement to re-instill a public sense of martial
discipline and Confucian morality.
Chiang's organization of the "Blue Shirts" was a similar
attempt to draw on the political culture of European National Socialism
(Fascism). |