Wellness Research

Wellness Research * indicates published research article; for more current chart, see Myers, J. E. & Sweeney, T. J. (2005). Counseling for Wellness: Theory, Research, and Practice. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Author	Title/Citation	Variables & Sample	Method	Instruments	Findings
Catharina Chang 1998*	The role of distinctiveness in acculturation, ethnic identity, and wellness in Korean-American adolescents and young adults	Differentiation Inclusion Acculturation Assimilation Identity Wellness Demographics 208 participants aged 11-25	Correlations MANOVA regression analysis	WEL; WEL (Korean)	Need for assimilation predicted degree of inclusion; need for differentiation did not. Need for differentiation had a significant negative relationship with wellness; Acculturation (acc) had a significant positive relationship with wellness; birthplace, age of immigration, length of stay in the U.S., & state of residence significantly related to acc., ethnic identity, and wellness.
Kathleen Connolly 2000*	The relationship among wellness, mattering, and job satisfaction	Holistic wellness Mattering Job satisfaction 82 people from different work settings in Midwest and Southeast US	Pearson product correlation analyses; multiple regression analyses	WEL/5F-Wel General Mattering Scale Job Descriptive Index (revised)	Wellness and mattering predicted job satisfaction; relations between job satisfaction and gender found
Suzanne Degges-White 2003	The Relationships among Transitions, Chronological Age, Subjective Age, Wellness, and Life Satisfaction in Women at Midlife.	Transitions experienced & expected; timelines Chronological age Subjective age Overall wellness Life satisfaction 224 midlife women aged 35 to 65	MANOVA, Pearson Product Moment Correlations, ANOVAs, Multiple regression analysis	5F-WEL	significant relationship between subjective age and wellness; wellness and household income accounted for a significant amount of variance in life satisfaction.
Suzanne Degges-White, Jane Myers, et al. 2003	Examining counseling needs of headache patients: An exploratory study of wellness and perceived stress.	wellness, perceived stress mattering 60 adults seeking migraine help in medical clinic	correlations, t-tests	5F-Wel General Mattering Scale Perceiived Stress Scale	lower wellness and higher perceived stress in headache patients than norm group of adults
Brian Dew 2000*	The relationship among internalized homophobia, self-disclosure, self-disclosure to parents, and wellness in adult gay males	Internalized homophobia Self-disclosure Self-disclosure to parents Wellness 217 volunteers from gay social and professional organizations, and university organizations	ANOVA t-tests	Nungesser Homosexual Attitudes Inventory General Disclosiveness Scale WEL	No relation between parental disclosure and wellness; Self-disclosure and homophobia related to wellness; Differences among ages and ethnicities
Carol Dice 2002	The relationship among coping resources, wellness, and attachment to companion animals in older persons	Coping resources Wellness Attachment to companion animal 327 persons 65 years of age and older and not residing in long-term care institutions	MANOVA correlations	Coping Resources Inventory WEL Pet Ownership Information Forms	Social, emotional, and total coping resources were higher among current and former pet owners with high levels of attachment than for pet owners with medium and low attachment levels; Significant positive relation between wellness and coping resources for both groups of pet owners.
Andrea Dixon Rayle 2002*	The relationship among ethnic identity, acculturation, mattering, and wellness in minority and non-minority adolescents	Ethnic identity Acculturation Mattering Wellness 176 minority and 286 non-minority adolescents	SEM	Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure; Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale; General Mattering Scale; Mattering to Others Questionnaire; 5F-WEL (teenage)	Mattering and acculturation explain adolescent variance; Ethnic identity explains minority variance; No differences between minority and non-minority
Michael Garrett 1996*	Cultural values and wellness of Native American high school students (wellness, acculturation)	Cultural value orientation Acculturation Wellness Native American and non-Native American; grades 9-12	MANOVAs	Value Schedule; Native American Acculturation Scale; WEL	Differences between NAs and non-NAs on acculturation; Differences among acculturation levels on wellness; No overall differences between NA and non-NA students on wellness
Paul Granello 1995*	Wellness as a function of perceived social support network and ability to empathize (holistic health)	Perceived social support Ability to empathize Wellness 100 undergraduate students; 18-47	Linear regression; Correlation	WEL; Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire; LaMonica Empathy Profile	No predictive relationship between empathy or social support in relation to wellness
Holly Hartwig 2003	The relationship among individual factors of wellness, family environment, and delinquency among adolescent females	Family environment Wellness Delinquency 248 undergraduate women, 18- 19	t-tests, ANOVA, MANOVA	Moos Family Environment Scale 5F-WEL Mak Delinquency Scale	No significant differences between delinquent and non-delinquent females in wellness and family environment.
John Hattie, Jane Myers, & Tom Sweeney (in press study)	Development of the Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle	Wellness 5,380 adults across the lifespan	item analysis factor analysis SEM correlations MANOVA	Five iterations of WEL	Development of Five Factor Wel (5F-Wel) as outcome of seven studies over 10 year period
David Hermon 1995*	Adherence to a wellness model and perceptions of psychological well-being	Wellness Perceived psychological well-being 155 undergraduates (aged 18-51)	Multivariate regression analysis, univariate analysis	WEL Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness	Ability to self-regulate, identify with work, and friendships contribute most to psychological well-being; Significant relationship between wellness and psychological well-being
Gerald Hutchinson 1996	The relationship of wellness factors to work performance and job satisfaction among managers	Wellness Work performance Job satisfaction 161 American managers	Multiple regression	WEL Physical Self-Description Questionnaire; Job Satisfaction Blank; Work Performance Scale	Holistic wellness better predicts work performance and job satisfaction better than physical fitness, which currently defines organizational wellness programs
Linda Makinson 2001	The relationship of moral identity, social interest, gender, and wellness among adolescents	Moral identity Social Interest Gender Wellness 187 Adolescents in grades 9-12; central NC youth organizations	Correlation; Analysis of structural equation	Tennessee Self-Concept Scale; Social Interest Assessment Scale (school); 5F-WEL (teenage)	Social interest, but not wellness, explained variance in wellness; No gender differences
Natasha Mitchell 2001	The relationship among acculturation, wellness, and academic self-concept in Caribbean American adolescents	Academic self-concept Acculturation Wellness 201 English-speaking Caribbean American adolescents; New York City & Greensboro, NC; public, private, parochial schools	Multiple regression analyses; Pearson Product Moment Correlations	Vancouver Index of Acculturation 5F-WEL (teenage) Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (child)	Positive relation between wellness and academic self-concept and acculturation; Acculturation and wellness account for variance in self-concept
Keith Mobley In progress*	The Relationship among age, gender role conflict, and wellness in two cohorts of male counselors	Age Gender role conflict Wellness 287 male professional counselors	Correlation, ANOVA, regression analyses	5F-WEL	in progress
Jane Myers & Ashleah Bechtel 2003	Wellness of first year cadets at West Point Military Academy	Age, Gender Ethnicity Perceived Stress Mattering, Wellness Pre-Post 9-11 179 first year cadets at West Point	Correlation MANOVA t-tests	5F-Wel General Mattering Scale Perceived Stress Scale	Significant positive correlations between 17 wellness scales and mattering; negative correlations between perceived stress and some wellness scales; some within group differences based on gender and age
Jane Myers, Ric Luecht & Tom Sweeney 2003	Reexamining the factor structure of wellness	wellness, age Gender, Ethnicity 3,993 adults across the lifespan	SEM MANOVA Correlations	5F-Wel; development of 4F-Wel	Identification of new factor structure with four factors: General Wellness (GW), Physical, Cognitive, Spiritual; GW factor allows measurement of wellness with 30-35 item scale
Jane Myers, Jayamala Madathil, & Lynne Tingle 2003	Marital satisfaction and wellness in couples in India in arranged marriages and couples in the U.S. in marriages of choice	marital status, marital satisfaction, wellness 45 couples in India in arranged marriages	descriptives, t-tests	WEL	Differences on 9 scales, some large and medium effects, between sample and WEL norm group; Indian participants scored higher on nutrition, spirituality, & cultural identity
Jane Myers & Keith Mobley 2003*	Wellness of Counseling Students: Practicing what we preach	Wellness variables 263 graduate students in counseling; entry-level and doctoral	t-tests, MANOVA, three-way ANOVA	5F-WEL	Doctoral students report greater wellness; non-caucasian students report greater cultural identity
Jane Myers & Moshe Tatar 2003	Wellness of middle school students in Israel and the United States: Impact of culture on wellness	Wellness age gender country of origin 240 Israeli middle school students	Factor analysis MANOVA correlations t-tests	Hebrew Translation of 5F-Wel-T	Differences in wellness based on gender, age, country of origin identified
Anne Powers & Jane Myers In press*	Wellness, Perceived Stress, Mattering and Marital Satisfaction Among Medical Residents and their Spouses: Implications for Education and Counseling	Wellness Perceived stress Mattering, Marital satisfaction Medical training 42 couples living in medical marriages	t-tests	WEL Perceived Stress Scale General Mattering Scale	Resident spouses score higher than norm on: wellness, mattering, marital satisfaction. Lower on: work satisfaction, realistic beliefs. No significant differences between medical and non-medical spouses.
Matthew Shurts in progress	Relationship efficacy, marital messages received, marital attitudes, and wellness	Relationship efficacy, marital messages received, marital attitudes, and wellness umarried college students		5F-Wel relationship efficacy scales
Matthew Shurts & Jane Myers 2002*	Liking, Loving, and Wellness	Wellness Liking Love 242 undergraduate students, mid-size and small colleges in Midwest and Southeast	MANOVAs	Rubin Liking Scale Love Attitudes Scale 5F-WEL	Significant differences found for gender, age, and ethnicity
Stacey Sinclair 2001*	Objectification experiences, sociocultural attitudes toward appearance, objectified body consciousness, and wellness in heterosexual Caucasian college women	Objectified body consciousness Objectification experiences Sociocultural attitudes toward appearance Wellness 195 female undergraduate students	Multiple regression analyses; Pearson Product Moment correlation	Objectification Experiences Questionnaire; Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire; Objectified Body Consciousness Scale 5F-Wel	Experience and attitudes account for variance in body consciousness; Positive relations between experience, attitudes, and body consciousness; negative relationship between wellness and body shame but not appearance control beliefs
Shawn Spurgeon 2002	The relationship among ethnic identity, self-esteem, and wellness in African American Males	Ethnic identity Self-esteem Wellness 245 African American male college students, aged 19-46, juniors and seniors	Regression analyses, correlations, MANOVAs	5F-WEL	Racial identity and self-esteem did not predict wellness
Fran Steigerwald 2000	The relationship of family-of-origin structure and family conflict resolution tactics to holistic wellness in college-age offspring	Wellness Conflict resolution tactics Family of origin structure 219 subjects, aged 18-25, Midwestern college	ANOVA, Multiple regression	WEL Conflict Tactics Scale	Family-of-origin structure was not significantly related to the offspring's holistic wellness
Holly Tangiosi in progress	The effectiveness of individual counseling on the wellness of police officers.	age, gender, ethnicity, performance evaluation, self efficacy, stage of change, individual counseling, and wellness		5F-Wel
Thomas Vecchione 1999	An examination of the relationship between career development and holistic wellness among college students	Holistic wellness Career development 160 (109 female, 51 male) randomly chosen undergraduates at a mid western university	Multiple regression	WEL Career Development Inventory	No relation between career knowledge and wellness; Significant negative relationship between career development attitude and wellness

Citations

Chang, C. Y., & Myers, J. E. (2003). Cultural adaptation of the Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle (WEL): An assessment challenge. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 35, 239-250.
Connolly, K. M., & Myers, J. E. (in press). Wellness and mattering: The role of holistic factors in job satisfaction. Submitted to Journal of Employment Counseling.
Dew, B. J., Myers, J. E., & Wightman, L. F. Wellness in adult gay males: Examining the impact of internalized homophobia, self-disclosure, and self-disclosure to parents. Manuscript submitted for review.
Garrett, M. T. (1999). Soaring on the wings of the eagle: Wellness of Native American high school students. Professional School Counseling, 3(1): 57-64.
Granello, P. F. (1996). Wellness as a function of perceived social support network and ability to empathize. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 57(2-B): 0985.
Hermon, D. A., & Hazler, R. J. (1999). Adherence to a wellness model and perceptions of psychological well-being. Journal of Counseling and Development, 77(3): 339-343.
Myers, J. E., & Bechtel, A. (in press). Stress, wellness, and mattering among cadets at West Point: Factors affecting a fit and healthy force. Military Medicine.
Myers, J. E., & Mobley, K. A. Foundations of wellness promotion for undergraduate students: Lesson from between and within groups comparisons. Manuscript submitted for review.
Myers, J. E., Mobley, K., & Booth, C. S. (2003). Wellness of counseling students: Practicing what we preach. Counselor Education & Supervision, 42, 264-274.
Powers, A., Myers, J.E., Tingle, L., & Powers, J. (in press). Wellness, perceived stress, mattering, and marital satisfaction among first year medial residents and their spouses: Implications for education and counseling. The Family Journal.
Rayle, A.D., & Myers, J.E. Wellness in adolescence: The roles of ethnic identity, acculturation, and mattering. Manuscript submitted for review.
Shurts, M., & Myers, J.E. The relationships among liking, love, and wellness: Implications for college student romances. Manuscript submitted for review.
Sinclair, S. L., & Myers, J. E. Weighty issues: Objectified body consciousness and wellness in heterosexual Caucasian women. Manuscript submitted for review.

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